Physical abuse and non-fatal strangulation

Physical abuse is defined as any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person through bodily contact. It is a deliberate act of force that results in harm, injury, or trauma to the victim’s body. 

This can include a range of behaviours. From hitting, slapping, and punching to more severe forms of violence. Physical abuse can have serious consequences for the well-being of the survivor. It could potentially lead to psychological conditions and complications. 

It is often used as a means for one person to gain control over another. Recognising the signs of physical abuse is crucial for early intervention and support.

Strangulation is the obstruction of blood vessels and/or airways by external pressure to the neck. It results in decreased oxygen supply to the brain. Non-fatal strangulation is where strangulation has not resulted in death.  

Legally, a person commits an offence if they intentionally

• strangle another person or
• does any other act that affects their ability to breathe

If there is consent for strangulation it is still an offence if someone suffers serious harm as a result. A person guilty of this offence is liable to imprisonment.

The common methods of non-fatal strangulation are: 

• manual – one or two hands held around the neck of a person
• chokehold or head lock – external pressure applied by an arm around the neck
• ligature – for example a scarf or belt tightened around the neck
• hanging
• pressure on the neck from a foot or knee 

Non-fatal suffocation

Methods of non-fatal suffocation could include: 

• putting a hand over the mouth and nose
• compressing the chest
• any other force or suppression applied to a person to cause a restriction of breath. 

• assault, hitting, slapping, punching, kicking, hair-pulling, biting, pushing
• rough handling
• scalding and burning
• physical punishments
• inappropriate or unlawful use of restraint
• making someone purposefully uncomfortable (e.g. opening a window and removing blankets)
• involuntary isolation or confinement
• misuse of medication (e.g. over-sedation)
• forcible feeding or withholding food
• unauthorised restraint, restricting movement (e.g. tying someone to a chair) 

For advice on how to leave a relationship safely, see the Women's Aid website's support guide.